Stress and Pregnancy

Stress

In every pregnancy, a woman starts out with a 3-5% chance of having a baby with a birth defect. This is called her
background risk. This sheet talks about whether exposure to stress may increase the risk for birth defects over that
background risk. This information should not take the place of medical care and advice from your health care provider.

What is stress?

Stress is the way your body reacts to something that is unusual, dangerous, unknown or disturbing. When under
stress, your body makes physical and chemical changes.

Almost anything can cause stress. Everyone responds to stressful situations in their own way. An extremely
stressful situation for one person may not be at all stressful to another. Because we all have different reactions to stress,
it is difficult to study how stress may affect pregnancy.

What are some of the symptoms of stress?

• Physical: Chest pain, rapid heart rate, breathing problems, headaches, vision problems, teeth grinding, dizziness, fatigue,
  stomach problems, muscle aches.
• Mental: Confusion, memory loss, nightmares, finding it hard to focus or to make decisions, changes in sleeping patterns.
• Emotional: Feelings of anxiety, guilt, grief, denial, fear, irritability, worry, frustration, loneliness. Episodes of anger or
  crying.
• Social: Staying away from friends and family, eating too much or too little, drinking too much alcohol, abusing drugs.

Why should I be concerned about stress?

Some stress can be healthy. However, being under a lot of stress over time can affect your health and wellbeing.
Stress can increase the chance for developing conditions such as high blood pressure or depression. Stress may
also cause existing medical problems to worsen. For example, if someone has diabetes and is under stress, it may be
difficult to keep blood sugar levels under control.

Are conditions, caused by stress, a problem during pregnancy?

Having high blood pressure or depression could affect your health. Sometimes medicine is needed to keep
mom healthy. When the mother is healthy it improves the chances of having a healthy baby.

Can stress cause my baby to have a birth defect?

We don’t know. It is difficult to measure stress and to study its effects on pregnancy. However, it is unlikely
that stress alone is able to greatly increase the chance of birth defects.

I read that stress might cause other pregnancy problems like miscarriage.

There are some studies that suggest severe stress could increase the chance for miscarriage, preterm delivery, or
low birth weight. Some studies have also suggested that stress may make it more difficult to get pregnant. However,
these complications may be due to other things that the person may be doing to relieve the stress such as poor eating
habits, smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol or abusing drugs. For now, it is unknown if stress itself increases the
chance for pregnancy complications.

Will the medicines used to treat potential health effects of stress, like high blood pressure, ulcers, or depression, hurt
my baby?

Most medicines are not associated with an increased chance for birth defects. In fact, it may be more harmful to
the pregnancy if some conditions are not treated. By calling MotherToBaby toll free at 1-866-626-6847, you can talk to
a counselor about specific medication and the possible risks to a pregnancy.

Can I breastfeed my baby if I’m taking medicines used to treat things like high blood pressure, ulcers, or depression?

Most medicines get into the breast milk, but at different levels, and many medicines are okay to use during
breastfeeding. For more information on specific medicines during breastfeeding call MotherToBaby at 1-866-626-6847.
Be sure to talk to your health care provider about all your choices for breastfeeding.

What if the father of the baby takes medicine for anxiety or high blood pressure?

In general, exposures that fathers have are unlikely to increase risks to a pregnancy. For more information,
please see the MotherToBaby fact sheet Paternal Exposures and Pregnancy at https://mothertobaby.org/factsheets/paternal-exposures-pregnancy/pdf/.

What are ways to reduce stress?

• Talk about your feelings with friends, family, your boss, and/or professionals.
• Avoid situations and people that cause you stress.
• Don’t be afraid to ask for help.
• Follow good health habits; avoid smoking, drinking alcohol or taking illegal drugs, eat a healthy diet, drink plenty of
  water, get the rest you need, and follow an exercise plan approved by your health care provider. Also, if you have been
  prescribed medicine, take it as directed.
• Try to have fun. Find something you enjoy and do it. Feeling positive can be helpful.

Where can I get help?

It is important to get help from a professional before the situation is out of control. Contact your obstetrician,
pediatrician, health care provider, clinic, mental health professionals, counselors, or clergy. These individuals can help
you find the resources and assistance needed to deal with stress and its effects.

If you have questions about the information on this fact sheet or other exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding, call MotherToBaby at (866) 626-6847. 

Source: https://mothertobaby.org/fact-sheets/stress-pregnancy/pdf/